Recognition memory and the effects of environmental stimuli on trauma, memory, and testimony: Phenomenolo.

Recognition memory and the effects of environmental stimuli on trauma, memory, and testimony: Phenomenolo.

Question

Experiment 1: Effects of environmental stimuli on recognition memory

In the article “Ignoring Memory Hints: The Stubborn Effects of Environmental Recognition Memory,” authors Selmezzi & Dobbins (2017) address the fact that recognition memory prevents participants from fully separating information about the environment ( Selmezzi & Dobbins). , 2017). In the present study, we use an explicit memory cue model to examine observers’ ability to suppress environmental detection signals that are considered reliable. According to the researchers, in Experiment 1, respondents were explicitly advised to use or ignore the descriptive environmental stimuli introduced after the awareness test (Selmczy & Dobbins, 2017). As a basis for our results, Experiment 1 showed that participants could only reduce the influence of external conditions, but not completely eliminate them. Next, the authors found that participants perceived the effect of a high-confidence cue when it was introduced after a confirmation prompt (Experiment 2) or when they were given a financial incentive to ignore the cue (Experiment 3). We investigated whether it can be effectively eliminated. Importantly, even though people were asked to be more aware of the signal’s influence, they were unable to completely remove the signal from perceptual decisions or subjective trust (Selmczy & Dobbins, 2017) . In the second article entitled “Trauma, Memory, and Testimony: Phenomenological, Psychological, and Ethical Perspectives,” author Welts (2016) discusses the impact of witnessing the Shoah crisis and witnessing the Holocaust, we particularly considered and discussed the challenges of integrating and expressing stress using encounters.

Systematically examining the relationships between trauma, memory, and evidence benefits from phenomenological, affective, and moral perspectives (Welz, 2016). The author argues that maintaining personal coherence across the distance between ancient and modern times requires someone faced as well as an inner observer who can engage with the individual’s consciousness as part of a long intellectual movement. I argue that we also need a social environment in which we can do this (Welz, 2016). This result suggests that spontaneous memories triggered by traumatic experiences are controlled by the same processes that control involuntary memories through positive thinking effects in daily life. However, these findings do not negate the fact that painful experiences are often associated with a history of wounding and difficulty resisting the cause (Welz, 2016). Artifacts of traumatic memory appear contradictory, contradictory, and disconnected from other frames of meaning. This may be due to the unique way these memories are presented. While normal biographical experiences can be expressed in everyday language, negative emotions are difficult to express and difficult to verbalize when they appear as visual images, smells, sounds, or displacements of visual images. Almost impossible. Kinesthetic sense. ” Stimulus (Welz, 2016).

Experiment 2: Eliminating the influence of reliable cues

As discussed by Nyman et al. (2019), authorities have shown that eyewitness testimony is typically accurate immediately after the incident, but that their memory is affected during the investigation and interview stages. False eyewitness impressions can lead to wrongful convictions. From a qualitative methods perspective, obtaining additional information about the incident from the media and other witnesses, and attempting to tell their stories multiple times, can have an impact in many places. It is not uncommon for eyewitness testimony to paint the situation in a distorted light. Factors such as darkness, poor memory and concentration, limited vision, and the large distance between the witness and the event make it impossible for the witness to remember exactly what happened. Nevertheless, as discussed by Semmler et al. (2018), they are usually motivated by a genuine desire to contribute to solving the case. While there is disagreement about the reliability of witnesses and evidence, the rift between the accuser and the perpetrator is another factor influencing this theory. This disparity has a significant negative impact on people of all ages. This can be effectively understood using information processing theory. Steblay & Dysart (2016) discuss that information processing theory or modeling techniques are memory theories or frameworks that focus on processing information in stages or phases. Memory and Transfer Model Memory mechanisms begin with our sensory receptors picking up data from the environment. The knowledge then travels through the nervous system to the brain, where it is analyzed. Wixted, Mickes & Fisher (2018) argue that for the brain to process sensory input, it must remain in the central nervous system for a very short time, approximately 1 second.

Sensory storage is the name for this level. The data is then sent to short-term storage and stored for approximately 30 seconds. Knowledge that enters short-term memory is stored by repeating it, that is, by paying attention to it and repeating it over and over again, which is a conscious habit. Loftus (2018) states that the encoded, structured, and processed products in long-term memory feed directly back into short-term memory, where they are decoded and used for reactions controlled by the brain via the nervous system. This was pointed out and discussed. For example, age range discrepancies and long diagonal shapes often mean that a board should not be considered accurate to 100 meters, but age and empirical ranges should be considered when evaluating a particular situation. means you need to. As Garrett et al. (2020) argue, prosecutors have for decades relied on evidence that judges often consider convincing: witnesses who report witnessing a crime and can identify the defendant. As a result, defendants have been effectively prosecuted in various cases. However, as discussed by Vredeveldt & Sauer (2015), researchers question whether other people who claim to have been at the crime scene can remain convinced of what their experiences tell us for approximately the same amount of time. I have doubts. The importance of trust when identifying perpetrators cannot be overstated. If the witness exudes the necessary confidence, it can effectively serve as a structured framework for assessing the credibility of the witness.

References:

Garrett et al. (2020) found that… Eyewitness Evidence in the Courtroom: Factored Role. 17(3) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies

Loftus, E. F. (2018). The legal system and eyewitness science. Review of law and social science annual (vol. 14) covering pages 1 to 10.

Selmeczy, D & Dobbins, I. G. (2017). Ignoring memory hints: Recognition memory is influenced by environmental cues, even when resisting such influence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (2017), 43(9), 1448.

Semmler et al. (2018) The part of estimator variables in eyewitness identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 24(3), 400.

Steblay and Dysart (2016). The process of multiple witnesses identifying the same person. In Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, volume 5 issue 3, pages 284 to 289.

Vredeveldt & Sauer (2015). Eye-closure and its impact on confidence-accuracy relations in eyewitness testimony. 5(1), 51-58. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4

Welz, C. (2016). Trauma, memory, testimony: Phenomenological, psychological, and ethical perspectives. Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 27, 104-133 (Scripta).

Wixted et al. (2018): Title of the study Rethinking the reliability of eyewitness memory. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2018;13(3): pp.324-335.